![]() ![]() The democratic nature of the first Greek constitution did not emerge as an imitation of American democracy, but was rather the result of conflicting internal interests and the mutual mistrust amongst the various local powers … Unavoidably, the American democratic example would only function as a symbol and less as a true basis for organizing the Greek political system … Nevertheless, this symbolic inclusion of American democracy in the Greek political thought was of major importance. However, Konstantinos Diogos is correct to point out that “The influence of American democracy on these first Greek political acts should not be overestimated. It is also important to note that the 1 January 1822 foundational “Constitution of Epidaurus” certainly took under consideration U.S. Among women, 38 percent in England also marked legal documents with their signature, but 83 percent in Connecticut, 67 percent in Massachusetts and 56 percent in Virginia could” (Parkinson, 2021, p. In fact, “in 1775, 60 percent of men in England could sign their will instead of just marking ‘x,’ whereas 90 percent in Vermont, 87 percent in Virginia, and about 70 percent in the Pennsylvania countryside could. However, by the nineteenth century, although still not mass producing college graduates, America had achieved admirable literacy rates for free citizens that ranked top globally and in some places like Massachusetts were near universal (See Santelli, 2020, p. ![]() For example, “in the America of 1775, there were only nine colleges, and out of a population of 2.5 million, there were just three thousand college graduates” (Ricks, 2020, p. It should also be kept in mind that college attendees constituted a very small group. The pervasiveness of such citations is at times astonishing … but except for Locke’s, their influence, though more decisive than that of the authors of classical antiquity, was neither clearly dominant nor wholly determinative” (Bailyn, 1992, pp. ![]() Pufendorf, Burlamqui, and Vattel on the laws of nature and of nations, and on the principles of civil government. In pamphlet after pamphlet the American writers cited Locke on natural rights and on the social and governmental contract, Montesquieu and later Delolme on the character of British liberty and on the institutional requirements for its attainment, Voltaire on the evil of clerical oppression, Beccaria on the reform of criminal law, Grotius. According to Bernard Bailyn: “The ideas and writings of the leading secular thinkers of the European Enlightenment-reformers and social critics like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Beccaria as well as conservative analysts like Montesquieu-were quoted everywhere in the colonies, by everyone who claimed a broad awareness. ![]()
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